Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland

EN0624 Helsbury Castle, Cornwall

LiDAR 1m DTM Hillshade

LiDAR 1m DTM Hillshade

Satellite Imagery

Satellite Imagery

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HER:  Cornwall and Scilly MCO63 (17789)

NMR:  SX 07 NE 7 (431560)

SM:  1006707

NGR:  SX08387958

X:  208387  Y:  79589  (OSGB36)

Summary

Univallate contour hillfort sited on summit of prominent Michaelstow Beacon, which forms watershed between Rivers Allen and Camel. Site within deer park called New Park documented in 1337. Moderate slopes to E before very steep drop to wooded stream, moderate to N and S, moderate to W before steeper slope. Interior area 1.6ha. Oval enclosure measuring c. 170m long by 160m wide internally. Defined by rampart to 4m high and partially buried outer ditch, cut by road to N. Rectangular outwork, or possible annexe, to E c. 100m long by 40m wide, reported in 1850 (MacLauchlan 1850, 37), now ploughed-down and ditch part buried. Entrance to main enclosure no longer visible, but possible simple gap to outwork/possible annexe with hollow way on E probably original. Within is small, rectangular and wooded, banked enclosure with interior stone facing, and within this is small rectangular two-celled chapel building (called St Syth's Chapel), with walls to 0.6m high and internal cross bank, all set onto low rectangular platform. To W possible tower or beacon surviving as small mound. Chapel has disputed dedication to St Syth or St Michael and partial excavation by Rev. Gibbons in 19th century found no distinctive chapel remains. WWII Home Guard connections. Pasture interior disturbed by stone quarrying. Trees on E, S, W. On 1st Ed. OS map (1881). Undated.

Status

Citizen Science:  

Reliability of Data:  Confirmed

Reliability of Interpretation:  Confirmed

Location

X:  -524110  Y:  6548115  (EPSG: 3857)

Longitude:  -4.70816098479377  Latitude:  50.584454482806485  (EPSG:4326)

Country:  England

Current County or Unitary Authority:  Cornwall

Historic County:  Cornwall

Current Parish/Community/Council/Townland:  Michaelstow

Monument Condition

Outworks reported in 1850, now ploughed-down and ditch part buried. Entrance no longer visible and interior and banks disturbed by stone quarrying and cut by road to N. Chapel in mid interior.

Condition:
Extant  
Cropmark  
Likely Destroyed  

Land Use

Pasture interior. Trees on E, S, W. Chapel in mid interior. Cut by road on N. Quarrying.

Current Use:
Woodland  
Commercial Forestry Plantation  
Parkland  
Pasture (Grazing)  
Arable  
Scrub/Bracken  
Bare Outcrop  
Heather/Moorland  
Heath  
Built-up  
Coastal Grassland  
Other  

Landscape

Hillfort Type

Univallate contour hillfort sited on summit of prominent Michaelstow Beacon, which forms watershed between Rivers Allen and Camel. Moderate slopes to E before very steep drop to wooded stream, moderate to N and S, moderate to W before steeper slope.

Type:
Contour Fort  
Partial Contour Fort  
Promontory Fort  
Hillslope Fort  
Level Terrain Fort  
Marsh Fort  
Multiple Enclosure Fort  

Topographic Position

Position:
Hilltop  
Coastal Promontory  
Inland Promontory  
Valley Bottom  
Knoll/Hillock/Outcrop  
Ridge  
Cliff/Plateau-edge/Scarp  
Hillslope  
Lowland  
Spur  

Dominant Topographic Feature:  Hill top

Aspect:
North  
Northeast  
East  
Southeast  
South  
Southwest  
West  
Northwest  
Level  

Altitude:  210.0m

Boundary

N/A


Dating Evidence

None for the hillfort.

Reliability:  D - None

Principal Activity:
Pre 1200BC  
1200BC - 800BC  
800BC - 400BC  
400BC - AD50  
AD50 - AD400  
AD400 - AD 800  
Post AD800  
Unknown  

Other Activity:
Pre Hillfort:   None
Post Hillfort:   Site within deer park called New Park documented in 1337. In 1363 the Black Prince ordered a lodge to be built, the location of which is unclear, and it was de-parked in about 1540. Tithe map shows windmill on N side of hillfort, now no visible remains. Within is small, rectangular and wooded, banked enclosure with interior stone facing, and within this is small rectangular two-celled chapel building (called St Syth's Chapel), with walls to 0.6m high and internal cross bank, all set onto low rectangular platform. To W possible tower or beacon surviving as small mound. Chapel has disputed dedication to St Syth or St Michael and partial excavation by Rev. Gibbons in 19th century found no distinctive chapel remains. Home Guard in WWII built an underground observation post in SW side of hillfort. Manned each night, connected by field telephone to Michaelstow House.

Evidence:No related records

Investigation History

On 1st Ed. OS map (1881). Geophysical survey South West Archaeology 2012.

Investigations:
1st Identified Map Depiction (1881):   OS map.
Geophysical Survey (2012):   South West Archaeology.

Interior Features

No hillfort features. Chapel remains and beacon mound. Geophysical survey as part of turbine development, found unspecified prehistoric anomalies.

Water Source

None

Source:
None  
Spring  
Stream  
Pool  
Flush  
Well  
Other  

Surface

No hillfort features. Chapel remains and beacon mound.

Interior Features (Surface):
No Known Features  
Round Stone Structures  
Rectangular Stone Structures  
Curvilinear Platforms  
Other Roundhouse Evidence  
Pits  
Quarry Hollows  
Other  

Excavation

None

Interior Features (Excavation):
No Known Excavation  
Pits  
Postholes  
Roundhouses  
Rectangular Structures  
Roads/Tracks  
Quarry Hollows  
Other  
Nothing Found  

Geophysics

Geophysical survey as part of turbine development, found unspecified prehistoric anomalies.

Interior Features (Geophysics):
No Known Geophysics  
Pits  
Roundhouses  
Rectangular Structures  
Roads/Tracks  
Quarry Hollows  
Other  
Nothing Found  

Finds

None

Interior (Finds):
No Known Finds  
Pottery  
Metal  
Metalworking  
Human Bones  
Animal Bones  
Lithics  
Environmental  
Other  

Aerial

None

Interior Features (Aerial):
APs Not Checked  
None  
Roundhouses  
Rectangular Structures  
Pits  
Postholes  
Roads/Tracks  
Other  

Entrances

No entrance visible into main enclosure, but simple gap to outwork/possible annexe on E probably original. Hollow way runs through outwork and parts of the rampart.

Total Number of Breaks Through Ramparts:  
1:   None

Number of Possible Original Entrances:  
2:   None

Guard Chambers:  

Chevaux de Frise:  

Entrances:
1. Hollow Way (East):   Simple gap to outwork/possible annexe with hollow way on E probably original. Hollow way runs through outwork and also parts of rampart.
1. Outworks (East):   Hollow way runs through outwork and parts of the rampart.

Enclosing Works

Oval enclosure measuring c. 170m long by 160m wide internally, with rampart to 4m high and partially buried outer ditch, cut by road to N. Rectangular outwork, or possible annexe, to E c. 100m long by 40m wide. Hollow way runs through entrance of the outwork and parts of the rampart. Outworks reported in 1850, now ploughed down and ditch part buried.

Enclosed Area:
Area 1:   1.6ha.
Total:   1.6ha.

Total Footprint Area:  Noneha.

Ramparts

None

Multi-period Enclosure System:
✗   None

Ramparts Form a Continuous Circuit:
✓   Outworks/possible annexe, not included as part of circuit.

Number of Ramparts:  
NE Quadrant:   1
SE Quadrant:   1
SW Quadrant:   1
NW Quadrant:   1
Total:   1

Morphology

Current Morphology:
Partial Univallate  
Univallate  
Partial Bivallate  
Bivallate  
Partial Multivallate  
Multivallate  
Unknown  

Detailed Morphology:
Partial Univallate  
Univallate  
Partial Bivallate  
Bivallate  
Partial Multivallate  
Multivallate  

Surface Evidence

None

Enclosing Works (Surface):
None  
Earthen Bank  
Stone Wall  
Rubble  
Wall-walk  
Evidence of Timber  
Vitrification  
Other Burning  
Palisade  
Counter Scarp Bank  
Berm  
Unfinished  
Other  

Excavated Evidence

None

Enclosing Works (Excavation):
None  
Earthen Bank  
Stone Wall  
Murus Duplex  
Timber-framed  
Timber-laced  
Vitrification  
Other Burning  
Palisade  
Counter Scarp Bank  
Berm  
Unfinished  
No Known Excavation  
Other  

Other

Gang Working:
✗   None

Ditches:
✓   Part buried outer ditch.

Number of Ditches:  1

Annex:
✓   Rectangular outwork, or possible annexe, to E c. 100m long by 40m wide. Hollow way runs through entrance of the outwork and parts of the rampart. Outworks reported in 1850, now ploughed-down and ditch part buried.

References

Morris B., Walls S. and Wapshott E. 2012. Tregawn Farm, Michaelstow, Cornwall: results of a desk-based assessment, geophysical survey, walkover survey and visual impact assessment, Report No 121031,

Unpublished evaluation and assessment report, South West Archaeology.

MacLauchlan, H. 1850. Annual report, Royal Inst Cornwall, 32, 37, Plate 29, Fig i.



Terms of Use

This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 and should be cited as:

Lock, Gary and Ralston, Ian. 2024. Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland. Available at: https://hillforts.arch.ox.ac.uk


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