LiDAR 1m DTM Hillshade
Satellite Imagery
LiDAR 1m DTM Hillshade
Satellite Imagery
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HER: East Lothian Council MEL56 (None)
NMR: NT 37 SE 26 (53667)
SM: 4004
NGR: NT 3753 7075
X: 337537 Y: 670753 (OSGB36)
Cropmarks have revealed a complex fort beneath the ruins of West Mains steading, which lies at the SW end of Falside Hill, overlooking a gently shelving fold in the marked escarpment forming the NW flank of the hill. Roughly circular on plan, the defences comprise at least four ditches, but variations in their breadths and spacing suggest that they probably represent at least two and probably three phases of construction, to say nothing of the traces of palisade trenches that are also visible in some sectors. The innermost defences are made up of two concentric ditches from 3m to 4m in breadth and set 5m apart, and enclose an area measuring 105m from E to W by 110m transversely (0.9ha); a ragged internal mark about 4m within the inner ditch possibly marks the back of the rampart, its projected circuit indicating an interior of about 0.77ha. On some photographs traces of one line can be seen extending along the centre of this rampart, and a second between the two ditches, possibly indicating foundation trenches for palisades or timberwork in the ramparts. The outermost ditch is far more substantial than those of the inner defences and is likely to represent a separate phase of construction, though there is no visible stratigraphic sequence to indicate which might be the earlier. It measures between 4m and 7m in breadth, and is accompanied internally by a roughly concentric narrow ditch or palisade trench about 5m within its line, though on the NE, where there are traces of other linear features between them, the gap seems to open up to 13m. If elements of a single defensive scheme, they enclose an area measuring 170m from N to S by 150m transversely (2ha), but the equivalent measurements within the outermost ditch are 190m and 175m transversely (2.5ha), and if the rampart along its inner lip was some 5m thick the interior in this phase may have been as much as 2.3ha. One possible entrance through the inner defences lies on the NNE, apparently with slightly staggered gaps to create an oblique approach to expose the vistor's left side, but any others are lost in the diffuse cropmarks that obscure some sectors, or beneath the modern road. At least two can be detected in the outermost ditch, on the NNE and NNW respectively, and a third can be inferred from the dogleg carrying the line of the present road across the defences on the E. The gap on the NNW is no more than a causeway across the ditch, but on the NNE, in an area of diffuse cropmarks, the line of the outer seems to turn outwards, creating a slight stagger in the ditch terminals to either side of the gap, and the narrow internal ditch also detours outwards at the same point in the circuit; a linear marking approaching the entrance on the NNE is possibly a sunken trackway, though whether contemporary with one phase of the defences or simply traversing them at a later date is unclear. No internal features are visible on any of the 50 aerial photographs currently available.
Citizen Science: ✗
Reliability of Data: Confirmed
Reliability of Interpretation: Confirmed
X: -334091 Y: 7543663 (EPSG: 3857)
Longitude: -3.0011875801734025 Latitude: 55.92582102085494 (EPSG:4326)
Country: Scotland
Current County or Unitary Authority: East Lothian
Historic County: East Lothian
Current Parish/Community/Council/Townland: Tranent
None
| Extant | ✗ |
| Cropmark | ✓ |
| Likely Destroyed | ✗ |
None
| Woodland | ✗ |
| Commercial Forestry Plantation | ✗ |
| Parkland | ✗ |
| Pasture (Grazing) | ✗ |
| Arable | ✓ |
| Scrub/Bracken | ✗ |
| Bare Outcrop | ✗ |
| Heather/Moorland | ✗ |
| Heath | ✗ |
| Built-up | ✓ |
| Coastal Grassland | ✗ |
| Other | ✗ |
None
| Contour Fort | ✗ |
| Partial Contour Fort | ✗ |
| Promontory Fort | ✗ |
| Hillslope Fort | ✓ |
| Level Terrain Fort | ✗ |
| Marsh Fort | ✗ |
| Multiple Enclosure Fort | ✓ |
| Hilltop | ✗ |
| Coastal Promontory | ✗ |
| Inland Promontory | ✗ |
| Valley Bottom | ✗ |
| Knoll/Hillock/Outcrop | ✗ |
| Ridge | ✗ |
| Cliff/Plateau-edge/Scarp | ✗ |
| Hillslope | ✓ |
| Lowland | ✗ |
| Spur | ✗ |
Dominant Topographic Feature: None
| North | ✗ |
| Northeast | ✗ |
| East | ✗ |
| Southeast | ✗ |
| South | ✗ |
| Southwest | ✗ |
| West | ✓ |
| Northwest | ✗ |
| Level | ✓ |
Altitude: 122.0m
N/A
In the absence of excavation, there are neither stratified artefacts nor radiocarbon dates to provide a chronology for the defences.
Reliability: D - None
| Pre 1200BC | ✗ |
| 1200BC - 800BC | ✗ |
| 800BC - 400BC | ✗ |
| 400BC - AD50 | ✗ |
| AD50 - AD400 | ✗ |
| AD400 - AD 800 | ✗ |
| Post AD800 | ✗ |
| Unknown | ✓ |
| Pre Hillfort: | None |
| Post Hillfort: | Overlain by farm and ploughed flat |
Photographed by CUCAP in 1964, 1967, 1969, 1976 and 1977, and RCAHMS Aerial Survey Programme in 1976, 1977, 1981, 1986, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2006 and 2015.
| 1st Identified Written Reference (1939): | First noted by OGS Crawford |
| Other (1975): | Visited by the OS |
| Other (1977): | Scheduled |
Featureless apart from possible palisade trenches belonging to the defences
None
| None | ✓ |
| Spring | ✗ |
| Stream | ✗ |
| Pool | ✗ |
| Flush | ✗ |
| Well | ✗ |
| Other | ✗ |
None
| No Known Features | ✓ |
| Round Stone Structures | ✗ |
| Rectangular Stone Structures | ✗ |
| Curvilinear Platforms | ✗ |
| Other Roundhouse Evidence | ✗ |
| Pits | ✗ |
| Quarry Hollows | ✗ |
| Other | ✗ |
None
| No Known Excavation | ✓ |
| Pits | ✗ |
| Postholes | ✗ |
| Roundhouses | ✗ |
| Rectangular Structures | ✗ |
| Roads/Tracks | ✗ |
| Quarry Hollows | ✗ |
| Other | ✗ |
| Nothing Found | ✗ |
None
| No Known Geophysics | ✓ |
| Pits | ✗ |
| Roundhouses | ✗ |
| Rectangular Structures | ✗ |
| Roads/Tracks | ✗ |
| Quarry Hollows | ✗ |
| Other | ✗ |
| Nothing Found | ✗ |
None
| No Known Finds | ✓ |
| Pottery | ✗ |
| Metal | ✗ |
| Metalworking | ✗ |
| Human Bones | ✗ |
| Animal Bones | ✗ |
| Lithics | ✗ |
| Environmental | ✗ |
| Other | ✗ |
Palisade trenches
| APs Not Checked | ✗ |
| None | ✗ |
| Roundhouses | ✗ |
| Rectangular Structures | ✗ |
| Pits | ✗ |
| Postholes | ✗ |
| Roads/Tracks | ✗ |
| Other | ✓ |
See main summary
| 4: | Ploughed flat |
| 2: | At least three in the outer defences of a multiperiod fort |
Guard Chambers: ✗
Chevaux de Frise: ✗
| 1. Simple Gap (North east): | The ditch on the E side is deliberately turned outwards to form the gap |
| 1. Simple Gap (North east): | In the two inner ditches |
| 2. Simple Gap (West): | Where present road doglegs to cross the defences, with traces of a probable trackway hollow in the cropmarks |
| 3. Simple Gap (North west): | In outermost ditch |
Up to four ditches and several palisades, probably representing at least two schemes
| Area 1: | 0.77ha. |
| Area 2: | 2.0ha. |
| Total: | 2.0ha. |
Total Footprint Area: 2.7ha.
None
| ✓ | Probably representing several schemes, but without an detectable stratigraphic sequence |
| ✓ | None |
| NE Quadrant: | 4 |
| SE Quadrant: | 4 |
| SW Quadrant: | 4 |
| NW Quadrant: | 4 |
| Total: | 4 |
| Partial Univallate | ✗ |
| Univallate | ✗ |
| Partial Bivallate | ✗ |
| Bivallate | ✗ |
| Partial Multivallate | ✗ |
| Multivallate | ✓ |
| Unknown | ✗ |
| Partial Univallate | ✗ |
| Univallate | ✓ |
| Partial Bivallate | ✗ |
| Bivallate | ✓ |
| Partial Multivallate | ✗ |
| Multivallate | ✗ |
Not visible on the surface; palisade trenches revealed by cropmarks
| None | ✗ |
| Earthen Bank | ✗ |
| Stone Wall | ✗ |
| Rubble | ✗ |
| Wall-walk | ✗ |
| Evidence of Timber | ✗ |
| Vitrification | ✗ |
| Other Burning | ✗ |
| Palisade | ✓ |
| Counter Scarp Bank | ✗ |
| Berm | ✗ |
| Unfinished | ✗ |
| Other | ✗ |
None
| None | ✗ |
| Earthen Bank | ✗ |
| Stone Wall | ✗ |
| Murus Duplex | ✗ |
| Timber-framed | ✗ |
| Timber-laced | ✗ |
| Vitrification | ✗ |
| Other Burning | ✗ |
| Palisade | ✗ |
| Counter Scarp Bank | ✗ |
| Berm | ✗ |
| Unfinished | ✗ |
| No Known Excavation | ✓ |
| Other | ✗ |
| ✗ | None |
| ✓ | Probably representing at least two schemes |
Number of Ditches: 4
| ✗ | None |
No related records
Atlas of Hillforts:
Wikidata:
This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
and should be cited as:
Lock, Gary and Ralston, Ian. 2024. Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland. Available at: https://hillforts.arch.ox.ac.uk
Document Version 1.1