Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland

WA1689 Pen-y-Castell, Maenan, Caernarfonshire (Pen-y-Castell, Garreg Olau; Caer Oleu Camp)

LiDAR 1m DTM Hillshade

LiDAR 1m DTM Hillshade

Satellite Imagery

Satellite Imagery

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HER:  Gwynedd 686 (None)

NMR:  SH 76 NE 2 (95301)

SM:  CN041

NGR:  SH79306660

X:  279300  Y:  366600  (OSGB36)

Summary

Unusual hillslope hillfort located on a shelf on S slopes of narrow ridge within Coed Tan-yr-allt above Afon Conwy to W. Very steep to precipitous surrounding slopes which level out to river on W and on S, less to ridge top on N and E. Site D-shaped with ruinous, but still strong, dry-stone wall of rubble masonry to 1m high in places. No entrance visible. Site divided into three areas by natural crags. Small ditch in interior; possibly a foundation trench for some structure or tower of unknown date. To N of enclosure and cut across the ridge is ditch c. 1.5m deep, and to S of site edges of the ridge reinforced with poorly preserved stone walling, except on the NW. Possible entrance on S apex protected by additional walling at lower end. Possibly a medieval motte. Heavily afforested. Minimal investigations, undated.

Status

Citizen Science:  ✗

Reliability of Data:  Confirmed

Reliability of Interpretation:  Confirmed

Location

X:  -423871  Y:  7016874  (EPSG: 3857)

Longitude:  -3.807697355417768  Latitude:  53.182751787027094  (EPSG:4326)

Country:  Wales

Current County or Unitary Authority:  Conwy

Historic County:  Caernarfonshire

Current Parish/Community/Council/Townland:  Llanddoged and Maenan

Monument Condition

Ruinous walls.

Condition:
Extant   ✓
Cropmark   ✗
Likely Destroyed   ✗

Land Use

Heavily afforested.

Current Use:
Woodland   ✓
Commercial Forestry Plantation   ✓
Parkland   ✗
Pasture (Grazing)   ✗
Arable   ✗
Scrub/Bracken   ✓
Bare Outcrop   ✗
Heather/Moorland   ✗
Heath   ✗
Built-up   ✗
Coastal Grassland   ✗
Other   ✗

Landscape

Hillfort Type

Hillslope hillfort located on S slopes of narrow ridge within Coed Tan-yr-allt above Afon Conwy to W. Very steep surrounding slopes which level out to river on W and on S, less to ridge top on N and E.

Type:
Contour Fort   ✗
Partial Contour Fort   ✗
Promontory Fort   ✗
Hillslope Fort   ✓
Level Terrain Fort   ✗
Marsh Fort   ✗
Multiple Enclosure Fort   ✗

Topographic Position

Position:
Hilltop   ✗
Coastal Promontory   ✗
Inland Promontory   ✗
Valley Bottom   ✗
Knoll/Hillock/Outcrop   ✗
Ridge   ✓
Cliff/Plateau-edge/Scarp   ✗
Hillslope   ✓
Lowland   ✗
Spur   ✗

Dominant Topographic Feature:  Ridge

Aspect:
North   ✗
Northeast   ✗
East   ✗
Southeast   ✗
South   ✓
Southwest   ✗
West   ✗
Northwest   ✗
Level   ✗

Altitude:  152.0m

Boundary

N/A


Dating Evidence

None. Site has a medieval feel about it, but only conjecture. Heavily afforested.

Reliability:  D - None

Principal Activity:
Pre 1200BC   ✗
1200BC - 800BC   ✗
800BC - 400BC   ✗
400BC - AD50   ✗
AD50 - AD400   ✗
AD400 - AD 800   ✗
Post AD800   ✗
Unknown   ✓

Other Activity:
Pre Hillfort:   None
Post Hillfort:   None

Evidence:No related records

Investigation History

RCAHMW investigation 1951. GAT investigations 1988, 1989, 1995, 1996, 2006. GAT prehistoric defended enclosures survey 2004-2005.

Investigations:
Other (1951):   RCAHMW investigation.
Other (1992):   Visited by Hillfort Study Group
Other (None):   GAT investigation.
Other (None):   GAT prehistoric defended enclosures survey.

Interior Features

None

Water Source

None

Source:
None   ✓
Spring   ✗
Stream   ✗
Pool   ✗
Flush   ✗
Well   ✗
Other   ✗

Surface

None

Interior Features (Surface):
No Known Features   ✓
Round Stone Structures   ✗
Rectangular Stone Structures   ✗
Curvilinear Platforms   ✗
Other Roundhouse Evidence   ✗
Pits   ✗
Quarry Hollows   ✗
Other   ✗

Excavation

None

Interior Features (Excavation):
No Known Excavation   ✓
Pits   ✗
Postholes   ✗
Roundhouses   ✗
Rectangular Structures   ✗
Roads/Tracks   ✗
Quarry Hollows   ✗
Other   ✗
Nothing Found   ✗

Geophysics

None

Interior Features (Geophysics):
No Known Geophysics   ✓
Pits   ✗
Roundhouses   ✗
Rectangular Structures   ✗
Roads/Tracks   ✗
Quarry Hollows   ✗
Other   ✗
Nothing Found   ✗

Finds

None

Interior (Finds):
No Known Finds   ✓
Pottery   ✗
Metal   ✗
Metalworking   ✗
Human Bones   ✗
Animal Bones   ✗
Lithics   ✗
Environmental   ✗
Other   ✗

Aerial

None

Interior Features (Aerial):
APs Not Checked   ✓
None   ✗
Roundhouses   ✗
Rectangular Structures   ✗
Pits   ✗
Postholes   ✗
Roads/Tracks   ✗
Other   ✗

Entrances

No entrance visible to interior wall. Possible entrance on S apex of outer defence, protected by additional walling at lower end.

Total Number of Breaks Through Ramparts:  
1:   Ruinous condition makes number assessment only.

Number of Possible Original Entrances:  
2:   None

Guard Chambers:  ✗

Chevaux de Frise:  ✗

Entrances:
1. Simple Gap (South):   None
1. Simple Gap (South):   Protected by additional walling at lower end.

Enclosing Works

Ruinous, but still strong, dry stone wall of rubble masonry to 1m high in places. Site divided into three areas by natural crags. Small ditch in interior; possible a foundation trench for some structure of unknown date. To N of enclosure and cut across the ridge is ditch and to S of site edges of the ridge reinforced with poorly preserved stone walling, except on the NW.

Enclosed Area:
Area 1:   Noneha.
Total:   Noneha.

Total Footprint Area:  Noneha.

Ramparts

None

Multi-period Enclosure System:
✗   Area not defined.

Ramparts Form a Continuous Circuit:
✓   None

Number of Ramparts:  
NE Quadrant:   1
SE Quadrant:   2
SW Quadrant:   2
NW Quadrant:   1
Total:   2

Morphology

Current Morphology:
Partial Univallate   ✓
Univallate   ✗
Partial Bivallate   ✓
Bivallate   ✗
Partial Multivallate   ✗
Multivallate   ✗
Unknown   ✗

Detailed Morphology:
Partial Univallate   ✗
Univallate   ✗
Partial Bivallate   ✗
Bivallate   ✗
Partial Multivallate   ✗
Multivallate   ✗

Surface Evidence

Stone walled site.

Enclosing Works (Surface):
None   ✗
Earthen Bank   ✗
Stone Wall   ✓
Rubble   ✗
Wall-walk   ✗
Evidence of Timber   ✗
Vitrification   ✗
Other Burning   ✗
Palisade   ✗
Counter Scarp Bank   ✗
Berm   ✗
Unfinished   ✗
Other   ✗

Excavated Evidence

None

Enclosing Works (Excavation):
None   ✗
Earthen Bank   ✗
Stone Wall   ✗
Murus Duplex   ✗
Timber-framed   ✗
Timber-laced   ✗
Vitrification   ✗
Other Burning   ✗
Palisade   ✗
Counter Scarp Bank   ✗
Berm   ✗
Unfinished   ✗
No Known Excavation   ✓
Other   ✗

Other

Gang Working:
✗   None

Ditches:
✓   No ditch to surrounding walls. Small ditch in interior of unknown origin. Ditch to N but outside site.

Number of Ditches:  0

Annex:
✗   None

References

RCAHMW 1956. Caernarvonshire Vol I: East, A survey and inventory by the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire, No 609, London: HMSO.

Smith, G. , 2005 , A Survey of Prehistoric Defended Enclosures in North West Wales 2004-2005: West Conwy, Gwynedd (Arfon) and Anglesey, Bangor: Gwynedd Archaeological Trust.

Waddington, K. 2013. The Settlements of Northwest Wales: From the Late Bronze Age to the Early Medieval Period, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.



Terms of Use

This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 and should be cited as:

Lock, Gary and Ralston, Ian. 2024. Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland. Available at: https://hillforts.arch.ox.ac.uk


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