Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland

WA1888 Castell Henllys, Pembrokeshire

LiDAR 1m DTM Hillshade

LiDAR 1m DTM Hillshade

Satellite Imagery

Satellite Imagery

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HER:  Dyfed 952 (None)

NMR:  SN 13 NW (94989)

SM:  PE175(PEM)

NGR:  SN11723905

X:  211720  Y:  239050  (OSGB36)

Summary

Multivallate partial contour hillfort located on the scarp edge overlooking the Nant Duad, a stream tributary of the Afon Nyfer. Steep or moderate to strong surrounding slopes to N, E and W, moderate on S. The subject of extensive excavations and investigation by Harold Mytum since 1980. Reconstructions of roundhouses and structures on the site and now part of public education and interpretation by the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park who own the site. Oval shape measures c. 88m SE-NW by 74m, with internal area 0.51ha. Large inner bank and ditch and smaller outer bank on the gentler N side. On the steep SE and SW there is a slight bank with terracing below to create the illusion of massive works. Palisades are a feature. Later Romano-British annexe to the NW. Impressive W entrance, begun in 5th century BC as long stone-walled passage with timber posts of large gate partly built of stone with bridge over and recessed guard chambers. Later re-built and burnt. Visible chevaux-de-frise to one side which was superceeded by later bank and ditch. Evidence from Iron Age through to Romano-British period. 18 C14 dates suggest hillfort began c. 410 BC to 375 BC, ending c. 380 BC to 190 BC. 15 diagnostic La Tne brooches. Much evidence uncovered of day to day functions of the site, which probably supported a wealthy farming community, including metalworking. Many slingstones found. Evidence of late Roman or post Roman activity. Well-preserved and managed public site with wooded surrounds. On 1st Ed. OS map (1889).

Status

Citizen Science:  

Reliability of Data:  Confirmed

Reliability of Interpretation:  Confirmed

Location

X:  -528248  Y:  6803346  (EPSG: 3857)

Longitude:  -4.745329930416097  Latitude:  52.01780885092944  (EPSG:4326)

Country:  Wales

Current County or Unitary Authority:  Pembrokeshire

Historic County:  Pembrokeshire

Current Parish/Community/Council/Townland:  Nevern

Monument Condition

Well-preserved. Reconstructions of roundhouses and structures on the site and now part of public education interpretation by the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park who own the site.

Condition:
Extant  
Cropmark  
Likely Destroyed  

Land Use

Public site with wooded surrounds. Reconstructions.

Current Use:
Woodland  
Commercial Forestry Plantation  
Parkland  
Pasture (Grazing)  
Arable  
Scrub/Bracken  
Bare Outcrop  
Heather/Moorland  
Heath  
Built-up  
Coastal Grassland  
Other  

Landscape

Hillfort Type

Multivallate partial contour hillfort located on the scarp edge overlooking the Nant Duad, a stream tributary of the Afon Nyfer. Steep or moderate to strong surrounding slopes to N, E and W, moderate on S.

Type:
Contour Fort  
Partial Contour Fort  
Promontory Fort  
Hillslope Fort  
Level Terrain Fort  
Marsh Fort  
Multiple Enclosure Fort  

Topographic Position

Position:
Hilltop  
Coastal Promontory  
Inland Promontory  
Valley Bottom  
Knoll/Hillock/Outcrop  
Ridge  
Cliff/Plateau-edge/Scarp  
Hillslope  
Lowland  
Spur  

Dominant Topographic Feature:  Spur

Aspect:
North  
Northeast  
East  
Southeast  
South  
Southwest  
West  
Northwest  
Level  

Altitude:  68.0m

Boundary

N/A


Dating Evidence

Evidence from Iron Age through to Romano-British period. 18 C14 dates suggest hillfort began c. 410 BC to 375 BC, ending c. 380 BC to 190BC (Horn Forthcoming). 15 diagnostic La Tne brooches.

Reliability:  A - High

Principal Activity:
Pre 1200BC  
1200BC - 800BC  
800BC - 400BC  
400BC - AD50  
AD50 - AD400  
AD400 - AD 800  
Post AD800  
Unknown  

Other Activity:
Pre Hillfort:   None
Post Hillfort:   None

Evidence:
Artefactual:   15 diagnostic La Tène brooches.
C14:   18 C14 dates suggest hillfort began c. 410 BC to 375 BC, ending c. 380 BC to 190 BC.
Morphology/Earthwork/Typology:   Romano-Britsh annexe.

Investigation History

On 1st Ed. OS map (1889). Field Observation OS 1966. Full Survey G.H. Williams 1969. Excavation H. Mytum 1980- present. Field Observation AMB 1981. Field Observation CADW 1996. Cambria Archaeology defended enclosures survey 2006-2007.

Investigations:
1st Identified Map Depiction (1889):   OS map.
Other (1966):   Field observation OS
Other (1969):   Full survey G.H. Williams.
Other (1981):   Field observation AMB.
Other (1996):   Field observation CADW.
Other (2011):   Visited by Hillfort Study Group
Excavation (None):   H. Mytum, University of York.

Interior Features

Much evidence uncovered of day to day functions of the site, which probably supported a wealthy farming community, including metalworking. Many slingstones found. 15 diagnostic La Tne brooches.

Water Source

Stream 0.01km outside fort.

Source:
None  
Spring  
Stream  
Pool  
Flush  
Well  
Other  

Surface

Much of site now excavated and interpreted for public including reconstructed roundhouses and other structures.

Interior Features (Surface):
No Known Features  
Round Stone Structures  
Rectangular Stone Structures  
Curvilinear Platforms  
Other Roundhouse Evidence  
Pits  
Quarry Hollows  
Other  

Excavation

Much evidence uncovered of day to day functions of the site, which probably supported a wealthy farming community, including metalworking. Pits.

Interior Features (Excavation):
No Known Excavation  
Pits  
Postholes  
Roundhouses  
Rectangular Structures  
Roads/Tracks  
Quarry Hollows  
Other  
Nothing Found  

Geophysics

None

Interior Features (Geophysics):
No Known Geophysics  
Pits  
Roundhouses  
Rectangular Structures  
Roads/Tracks  
Quarry Hollows  
Other  
Nothing Found  

Finds

15 diagnostic La Tne brooches. Many slingstones found.

Interior (Finds):
No Known Finds  
Pottery  
Metal  
Metalworking  
Human Bones  
Animal Bones  
Lithics  
Environmental  
Other  

Aerial

None

Interior Features (Aerial):
APs Not Checked  
None  
Roundhouses  
Rectangular Structures  
Pits  
Postholes  
Roads/Tracks  
Other  

Entrances

Impressive W entrance, begun in 5th century BC as long stone-walled passage with timber posts of large gate partly built of stone with bridge over and recessed guard chambers. Later re-built and burnt. Visible chevaux-de-frise to one side which was superceded by later bank and ditch.

Total Number of Breaks Through Ramparts:  
1:   None

Number of Possible Original Entrances:  
2:   None

Guard Chambers:  

Chevaux de Frise:  

Recessed guard chambers. Fine chevaux-de-frise visible to one side of entrance.

Entrances:
1. Passage-way/Corridor (West):   Long stone-walled passage.
1. Recesses/Guard Chambers (West):   None

Enclosing Works

Large inner bank and ditch and smaller outer bank on the gentler N side. On the steep SE and SW there is a slight bank with terracing below to create the illusion of massive works. Palisades are a feature.

Enclosed Area:
Area 1:   0.51ha.
Total:   0.51ha.

Total Footprint Area:  Noneha.

Ramparts

None

Multi-period Enclosure System:
✗   None

Ramparts Form a Continuous Circuit:
✓   None

Number of Ramparts:  
NE Quadrant:   2
SE Quadrant:   1
SW Quadrant:   1
NW Quadrant:   2
Total:   2

Morphology

Current Morphology:
Partial Univallate  
Univallate  
Partial Bivallate  
Bivallate  
Partial Multivallate  
Multivallate  
Unknown  

Detailed Morphology:
Partial Univallate  
Univallate  
Partial Bivallate  
Bivallate  
Partial Multivallate  
Multivallate  

Surface Evidence

None

Enclosing Works (Surface):
None  
Earthen Bank  
Stone Wall  
Rubble  
Wall-walk  
Evidence of Timber  
Vitrification  
Other Burning  
Palisade  
Counter Scarp Bank  
Berm  
Unfinished  
Other  

Excavated Evidence

Palisades determined as feature of site.

Enclosing Works (Excavation):
None  
Earthen Bank  
Stone Wall  
Murus Duplex  
Timber-framed  
Timber-laced  
Vitrification  
Other Burning  
Palisade  
Counter Scarp Bank  
Berm  
Unfinished  
No Known Excavation  
Other  

Other

Gang Working:
✗   None

Ditches:
✓   None

Number of Ditches:  1

Annex:
✓   Later Romano-British annexe to the NW.

References

Crossley, D.W. 1963. List of Hill-Forts and other earthworks in Pembrokeshire, Bull Board Celtic Stud, 20, 185.

Horn, J. Forthcoming. The dating of hillforts in Britain and Ireland. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.

Murphy, K., Ramsey, R., Poucher, P. and Page, M. 2007. A Survey of Defended Enclosures in Pembrokeshire, 2006-2007: Gazetteer of Ordnance Survey Grid Squares S03, SN13 and SN23, Cambria Archaeology Report No. 2007/01, Project Record No. 54269, Llandeilo: Cambria Archaeology.

Mytum, H. 1989. Excavation at Castell Henllys, 1981-1989; the Iron Age fort, Arch in Wales, 29, 6-10.

Mytum, H. 1996. Hillfort siting and monumentality: Castell Henllys and geographical information systems, Arch in Wales, 36, 3-10.

Mytum, H. 1999. Castell Henllys, Current Arch, 161, 164-72.

Mytum H. 2013. Monumentality in later prehistory: building and rebuilding Castell Henllys Hillfort. Springer Books.

RCAMWM 1925. An inventory of the ancient monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire, VII, County of Pembroke, London: HMSO, No. 770.

Rees, S. 1992. A guide to ancient and historic Wales - Dyfed, London: HMSO, 61-2.



Terms of Use

This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 and should be cited as:

Lock, Gary and Ralston, Ian. 2024. Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland. Available at: https://hillforts.arch.ox.ac.uk


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